Final rinses with distilled water
Hot oil treatments (do searches on the homemade ones, but L'oreal Mega Moisture Nurturing is a good one you can find at the beauty supply, VO5 is alos nice and is at the drugstore/target/kmart type places)
Sleep on satin pillowcases
Yes avoid shampoo for a while and "wash" your hair with instant conditoner like VO5, Herbal Essences etc..
All of these steps are designed to moisturize your hair.
Also, yes do a serious protein conditioner (Aphoghee Treatment for damaged hair, Nexxus Emergencee etc.) followed by a moisturizing conditioner. Do that first and then follow all the steps above.
Try to keep your hair tucked away (buns, french rolls, etc.) for awhile.
These steps should help you.
Next time you relax (if there is a next time) test the relaxer by just doing one lock of hair. Not all relaxers work for everyone. Also be sure to check the type. If it was no-lye you may want to try a lye-based one next time. You also must be careful about timing (Not leaving it on too long) and your technique (don't stretch it too much when smoothing it straight) and overlapping (don't treat already processed hair.)
Your problems are probably partially due to the fact that your hair was already compromised from being colored. How long between your last color application and your relaxer?
Hope we've helped in some way.