Not quite sure which thread on hell to put this in, but I came across this interesting perspective recently and decided to share:
Luke 16.19-28: 'Bosom of Abraham', 'Hades', and 'Sheol'
Monachos.net
http://www.monachos.net/forum/showthread.php?6925-Luke-16-19-28-Bosom-of-Abraham-Hades-and-Sheol
In these Gospel verses, Christ describes (v. 22) the beggar, Lazarus, as being carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom (lit. 'bosoms' since the Greek word is in the plural). The rich man went to hell (v. 23) though we ought rather to say 'hades'. Yet, this hades is described as a place of torment (v. 28) and so is more like our conception of hell than hades. The bosom of Abraham is more like our conception of paradise or heaven (and is shown as such in the Church's iconography). The two places are described as being far off from each other (v. 23) and separated by 'a great gulf' (v. 26).
How does this apparent reference to heaven or paradise and hell or hades fit in with the idea that all the dead were in hades when Christ came on Holy Saturday to vanquish death? The translation of the Greek word 'hades' as 'hell' is both wrong and misleading. Hades is used in the LXX as a way of expressing the Jewish word 'Sheol' (capitalised because in Hebrew it is a proper noun). In the Jewish tradition, Sheol is the abode of all the dead and the dominion of death. There are various OT references to it (e.g. Isaiah 38:18 and in the Psalms - 6:6, 29:9, 87:11-13, 113:25). It seems to be a shadowy condition of forgetfulness. It is said, though (e.g. in the article, 'Heaven and Hell in the Afterlife' by Peter Chopelas), that in Jewish thought, Sheol was experienced differently by people according to their spiritual condition: paradise for some, the fire of Gehenna for others. This is because God is present everywhere and His presence and glory are felt by the sinners and the righteous respectively as torment or blessedness. If this is so, then Lazarus and the rich man are not in 'two places' but in Sheol or hades, yet experiencing God differently. So, the 'great gulf' must be spiritual. (Different from hades, presumably, is Tartarus where, according to St Peter (2 Peter 2:4), the 'sinning angels' are kept.) Though some of the dead, such as Lazarus, enjoyed blessedness, yet the Orthodox Tradition is that hades was a kind of prison. The liturgical tradition is full of references to the gates and bars of hades which are also depicted in the icons of Christ's descent into hades. These gates and bars are smashed by Christ. The Holy Fathers have varying views about who was released from hades, but, leaving that question aside, if it is true that the OT righteous and those such as Lazarus the beggar, enjoyed the bosom of Abraham as a condition experienced in Sheol or hades, in what way is the paradise of those saved after Christ different from the bosom of Abraham? And should we not think of paradise (or heaven) and hell as 'two places' but, like Sheol or hades, as spiritual conditions, and if so how are we to understand the difference between things after the Resurrection from what they were before Christ's descent into hades?